Python Programming : Unit I - Introduction : Installation of Python (Part II)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><u> Installation of Python</u></span></h2> <div> <h2 style="background-color: white; margin: 10px 0px 4px; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 650px;"> <span style="color: red; font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif; font-size: large;">How to Install Python on Windows</span></h2> <div class="author" style="background-color: white; color: #555555; font-size: 13px; margin-bottom: 5px; margin-left: 2px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> </div> <div class="thecontent" style="background-color: white; margin: 0px -50px 0px 0px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307603" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a3209bb19c.jpg" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Python doesn’t come prepackaged with Windows, but that doesn’t mean Windows users </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">won’t find the flexible programming language useful. It’s not quite a simple as </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">installing the newest version however, so let’s make sure you get the right tools for the </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">task at hand.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">First released in 1991, Python is a popular high-level programming language used for </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">general purpose programming. Thanks to a design philosophy that emphasizes readability </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">it has long been a favorite of hobby coders and serious programmers alike. Not only is it </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">an easy language (comparatively speaking, that is) to pick up but you’ll find </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">thousands of projects online that require you have Python installed to use the program.</span></div> </div> <div class="inlinessp" style="font-size: 14.82px; margin: -5px 0px -20px; max-height: 250px; min-height: 25px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; width: 650px;"> </div> <h2 style="color: #172232; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Which Version Do You Need?</span></h2> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Unfortunately, there was a significant update to Python several years ago that created a </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">big split between Python versions. This can make things a bit confusing to newcomers,</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> but don’t worry. We’ll walk you through installing both major versions</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">When you visit the Python for Windows download page, you’ll immediately see the division.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> Right at the top, square and center, the repository asks if you want the latest release of </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Python 2 or Python 3 (2.7.13 and 3.6.1, respectively, as of this tutorial).</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307513" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a0169b7d43.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On the other hand, if you’re looking to actually learn Python, we recommend installing</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> both versions side by side (which you can do with zero risk and only a tiny bit of setup </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">hassle). This lets you work with the newest version of the language, but also run older </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Python scripts (and test backwards compatibility for newer projects). Comparing </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">the two versions is an article unto itself, though, so we’ll defer to the Python project </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">wiki </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">where you can read their </span><a href="https://wiki.python.org/moin/Python2orPython3" style="color: #114491; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif;">well written overview of the differences</a><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">.</span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Newer is better, right? </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Maybe so, maybe not. The version you want depends on your end goal. </span><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">If your goal is to </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">get some project that ends in a “.py” extension up and running, then there’s a very, </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <em style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;">very</em><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms", sans-serif;"> good chance you’ll need 2.7 for it.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">You can download just Python 2 or Python 3 if you’re sure you only need a particular </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">version. We’re going the distance today and will be installing both of them, so we </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">recommend you download both versions and do the same. Under the main entry for both </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">versions you’ll see an “x86-64” installer, as seen below.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307530" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a079f952c3.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <h2 style="color: #172232; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> Run the installer, select “Install for all users,” and then click “Next.”</h2> <h2 style="color: #172232; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">How to Install Python 2</span></h2> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307533" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a08fbade0d.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On the directory selection screen, leave the directory as “Python27” and click “Next.”</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307534" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a096e967dd.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On the customization screen, scroll down, click “Add python.exe to Path,” and then select </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Will be installed on local hard drive.” When you’re done, click “Next.”</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307535" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a09e55df0e.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">You don’t have to make any more decisions after this point. Just click through the </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">wizard to complete the installation. When the installation is finished, you can </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">confirm the installation by opening up Command Prompt and typing the following command:</span></div> </div> <pre style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px dashed rgb(47, 111, 171); clear: both; font-size: 14.82px; line-height: 1.1em; margin-bottom: 10px; max-width: 618px; overflow-x: auto; padding: 20px 10px; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">python -V</span></pre> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307536" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a0a9ab5b32.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Success! If all you need is Python 2.7 for some project or another, you can stop right </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">here. It’s installed, the path variable is set, and you’re off to the races.</span></div> </div> <h2 style="color: #172232; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">How to Install Python 3</span></h2> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If you want to learn the newest version of Python, you’ll need to install Python 3. You can </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">install it alongside Python 2.7 with no problems, so go ahead and run the executable now.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">On the first screen, enable the “Add Python 3.6 to PATH” option and then click </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">“Install Now.”</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307546" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a18a4aed8c.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Next, you have a decision to make. Clicking the “Disable path length limit” option remove</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">s the limitation on the MAX_PATH variable. This change won’t break anything, but will </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">allow Python to use long path names. Since many Python programmers are working in </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Linux and other *nix systems where path name length isn’t an issue, turning this on in </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">advance can help smooth over any path-related issues you might have while working in </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Windows.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307548" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a18fea9deb.png" style="border: 0px; font-family: "Trebuchet MS", sans-serif; margin-left: -2px;" /></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">We recommend go ahead and selecting this option. If you know you don’t want to </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">disable the path length limit, you can just click “Close” to finish the installation. And, </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">if you want to read more about the issue before committing to the change, <a href="https://www.howtogeek.com/266621/how-to-make-windows-10-accept-file-paths-over-260-characters/" style="color: #114491;">read up here</a>.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">If you’re only installing Python 3, you can use the same command line trick of typing </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><code style="line-height: 15.84px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">python -v</code> that we used above to check that it is installed correctly and the path variable</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> is set. If you’re installing both versions, however, you need to make the quick tweak </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">found in the following section.</span></div> </div> <h2 style="color: #172232; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Adjust System Variables So You Can Access Both Python Versions </span></h2> <h2 style="color: #172232; font-size: 20px; margin: 0px; padding: 20px 0px 10px; text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">From the Command Line</span></h2> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">This section of the tutorial is completely optional, but will allow you to quickly access</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> both versions of Python from the command line. After installing both versions of Python</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">, you may have noticed a little quirk. Even though we enabled the system path for both </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Python installations, typing “python” at the command prompt only points you to Python 2.7.</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><br /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The reason for this is simple: the variable (whether automatically adjusted by an </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">installer or manually tweaked) simply points at a directory, and every executable </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">in that directory becomes a command line command. If there are two directories listed </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">and both have a “python.exe” file in them, whichever directory is higher in the </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">list of variables gets used. And, if there is a variable set for the system and the user, the </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">system path takes precedence over the user path.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">The latter is exactly what’s happening in this case: the Python 2 installer edited the system</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> wide variable and the Python 3 installer added a user level variable—and we can confirm </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">this by looking at the Windows’ environment variables.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Hit Start, type “advanced system settings,” and then select the “View advanced system </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">settings” option. In the “System Properties” window that opens, on the “Advanced” tab, click the “Environment Variables” button.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307568" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a2a9d42888.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Here, you can see Python 3 listed in the “User variables” section and Python 2 listed </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">in the “System variables” section.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307570" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a2bc736c45.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">There are a few ways you can remedy this situation. The simplest (albeit the one with the</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> least functionality) is to just remove the entry for the version of Python you plan on </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">using the least. While that’s simple, it’s also not very much fun. Instead we can make </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">another change that will give us access to “python” for Python 2 and “python3” for </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Python 3.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">To do this, fire up File Manager and head to the folder where you installed Python 3 </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">(<code style="line-height: 15.84px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">C:\Users\[username]\AppData\Local\Programs\Python\Python36</code> by default). </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Make a copy of the “python.exe” file, and rename that copy (<em>not</em> the original) to</span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"> “python3.exe”.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307578" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a2ed7b72ae.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">Open a new command prompt (the environmental variables refresh with each new </span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;">command prompt you open), and type “python3 –version”.</span></div> </div> <div style="color: #222222; font-size: 16px; line-height: 24px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-top: 20px; padding: 0px;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <span style="font-family: "trebuchet ms" , sans-serif;"><img alt="" class="alignnone size-full wp-image-307576" src="https://www.howtogeek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/img_591a2e9d50c15.png" style="border: 0px; margin-left: -2px;" /></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div>

Python Programming : Unit I - Introduction : Installation of Python (Part II)

 Installation of Python How to Install Python on Windows Python doesn’t come prepackaged with Windows, but that doesn’t mea...

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Python Programming : Unit I - Introduction (Part I)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><img alt="Image result for python programming language logo" src="https://www.python.org/static/community_logos/python-logo-master-v3-TM.png" /></span><br /> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>The Python Programming Language: Introduction</u></span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language. Python is designed to be highly readable. It uses English keywords frequently where as other languages use punctuation, and it has fewer syntactical constructions than other languages.</span></div> <ul class="list" style="box-sizing: border-box;"> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 15px !important;">Python is Interpreted:</b><span style="font-size: 15px !important;"> Python is processed at </span><span style="font-size: 15px;">run-time</span><span style="font-size: 15px !important;"> by the interpreter. You do not need to compile your program before executing it. This is similar to PERL and PHP.</span></span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Python is Interactive:</b> You can actually sit at a Python prompt and interact with the interpreter directly to write your programs.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Python is Object-Oriented:</b> Python supports Object-Oriented style or technique of programming that encapsulates code within objects.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; font-size: 14px; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Python is a Beginner's Language:</b> Python is a great language for the beginner-level programmers and supports the development of a wide range of applications from simple text processing to WWW browsers to games.</span></div> </li> </ul> <h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #121214; left: 0px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 2px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>History of Python</u></span></h2> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Python was developed by Guido van Rossum in the late eighties and early nineties at the National Research Institute for Mathematics and Computer Science in the Netherlands.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Python is derived from many other languages, including ABC, Modula-3, C, C++, Algol-68, SmallTalk, and Unix shell and other scripting languages.</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Python is copyrighted. Like Perl, Python source code is now available under the GNU General Public License (GPL).</span></div> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Python is now maintained by a core development team at the institute, although Guido van Rossum still holds a vital role in directing its progress.</span></div> <h2 style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #121214; font-size: 1.7em; left: 0px; letter-spacing: -1px; line-height: 1.5em; margin: 0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0px; padding: 0px; position: relative; text-shadow: rgb(204, 204, 204) 1px 1px 2px;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><u>Python Features</u></span></h2> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Python's features include:</span></div> <ul class="list" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-size: 14px;"> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Easy-to-learn:</b> Python has few keywords, simple structure, and a clearly defined syntax. This allows the student to pick up the language quickly.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Easy-to-read:</b> Python code is more clearly defined and visible to the eyes.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Easy-to-maintain:</b> Python's source code is fairly easy-to-maintain.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">A broad standard library:</b> Python's bulk of the library is very portable and cross-platform compatible on UNIX, Windows, and Macintosh.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Interactive Mode:</b>Python has support for an interactive mode which allows interactive testing and debugging of snippets of code.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Portable:</b> Python can run on a wide variety of hardware platforms and has the same interface on all platforms.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Extendable:</b> You can add low-level modules to the Python interpreter. These modules enable programmers to add to or customize their tools to be more efficient.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Databases:</b> Python provides interfaces to all major commercial databases.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">GUI Programming:</b> Python supports GUI applications that can be created and ported to many system calls, libraries and windows systems, such as Windows MFC, Macintosh, and the X Window system of Unix.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><b style="box-sizing: border-box;">Scalable:</b> Python provides a better structure and support for large programs than shell scripting.</span></div> </li> </ul> <div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Apart from the above-mentioned features, Python has a big list of good features, few are listed below:</span></div> <ul class="list" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #313131; font-size: 14px;"> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It supports functional and structured programming methods as well as OOP.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It can be used as a scripting language or can be compiled to byte-code for building large applications.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It provides very high-level dynamic data types and supports dynamic type checking.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">IT supports automatic garbage collection.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div style="box-sizing: border-box; font-size: 15px !important; line-height: 24px; margin: 0em 0.2em 1em; padding: 0px; text-align: justify; word-wrap: break-word;"> <span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">It can be easily integrated with C, C++, COM, ActiveX, CORBA, and Java.</span></div> </li> <li style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: url("/images/icon-bullet.png"); background-origin: initial; background-position: 0px 4px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-size: initial; box-sizing: border-box; color: black; line-height: 24px; list-style: none; margin-bottom: 5px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 19px;"><div> <br /></div> </li> </ul> </div>

Python Programming : Unit I - Introduction (Part I)

The Python Programming Language: Introduction Python is a high-level, interpreted, interactive and object-oriented scripting language....

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F..YB.Sc.I.T. Semester II Answer Keys April 2017

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>F.Y. B.Sc.I.T. Semester II Answer Keys </u></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>April 2017</u></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u>Click On The Paper To Download</u></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u><br /></u></b></span></div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> </div> <h3> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://muresults.net/itacademic/FYBScIT/Sem2/AK/OOPSS.pdf" target="_blank">Object Oriented Programming </a></span></b></li> </ul> </h3> <h3> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://muresults.net/itacademic/FYBScIT/Sem2/AK/MPAS.pdf" target="_blank">Microprocessor Architecture </a></span></b></li> </ul> </h3> <h3> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://muresults.net/itacademic/FYBScIT/Sem2/AK/WPS.pdf" target="_blank">Web Programming</a> </span></b></li> </ul> </h3> <h3> <ul style="text-align: left;"> <li><b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://muresults.net/itacademic/FYBScIT/Sem2/AK/GCS.pdf" target="_blank">Green Computing </a></span></b></li> </ul> </h3> <ul> <li><b style="font-size: x-large;"><span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><a href="http://muresults.net/itacademic/FYBScIT/Sem2/AK/NSMS.pdf" target="_blank">Numerical and Statistical Methods</a> </span></b></li> </ul> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><u></u></b></span></div> </div>

F..YB.Sc.I.T. Semester II Answer Keys April 2017

F.Y. B.Sc.I.T. Semester II Answer Keys  April 2017 Click On The Paper To Download Object Oriented Programming  Microproc...

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S.Y.B.Sc.I.T. New Syllabus With Effect From The Academic Year 2017 – 2018

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u>S.Y.B.Sc.I.T. New Syllabus With Effect From The Academic Year 2017 – 2018</u></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><br /></u></span></b></div> <div style="text-align: center;"> <b><span style="color: blue; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><u><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B-Xwo-mjkYx3aHB5NjI5bld3QUk" target="_blank">Download Link</a></u></span></b></div> </div>

S.Y.B.Sc.I.T. New Syllabus With Effect From The Academic Year 2017 – 2018

S.Y.B.Sc.I.T. New Syllabus With Effect From The Academic Year 2017 – 2018 Download Link

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Digital Electronics: Unit I - Number System

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b>Unit </b><b>I Number System:</b></span><br /> <span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b><br /></b></span> <b><span style="font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;">Electrical signals are in two forms;</span></b><br /> <ol style="text-align: left;"> <li><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i>Analogue signals</i></span></b></li> <li><b><span style="color: #0b5394; font-family: "verdana" , sans-serif;"><i>Digital signals</i></span></b></li> </ol> <div> <b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: maroon; font-size: large;">Analogue signals</span></b><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: large;">:</span> </span></div> <div> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">These are usually older electronic gadgets (introduced before the mid 1990’s). A good example of an analogue signal is the <b>loud-speaker</b> of a stereo system. When the volume is turned up the sound increases slowly and constantly. </span></span><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;"><br style="text-align: justify;" /><br style="text-align: justify;" /><span style="text-align: justify;">Examples of analogue systems include;</span></span><span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif;">Old radios, megaphones and the volume control on old telephone hand sets.</span></b></span></span><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <span style="text-align: justify;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig52N4zvX_yKArpLsyXnWSYsa6rzPqpMOFBmnVXCjBGmoJvbKqSHv3FnDsvuJ_oyM8OhrGssR7aasPCCC3LWTCpnH5y8pdfIc4AIVDXA7_AGIL-y8boCNIO_1ghH9vE9yf8LKUxxG6-qk/s1600/analog1a.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEig52N4zvX_yKArpLsyXnWSYsa6rzPqpMOFBmnVXCjBGmoJvbKqSHv3FnDsvuJ_oyM8OhrGssR7aasPCCC3LWTCpnH5y8pdfIc4AIVDXA7_AGIL-y8boCNIO_1ghH9vE9yf8LKUxxG6-qk/s1600/analog1a.gif" /></a></b></span></div> <span style="text-align: justify;"><b> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <br /></div> </b></span><b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="color: maroon;"><span style="font-size: large;">Digital signals:</span> </span></b></div> <div> <span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Modern electronic products such as computers and mobile phones depend on digital signals. However, a good example of a digital signal is Morse Code. </span></span></div> <div> <span style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">The signal is sent as a series of ‘on’ and ‘off’ pulses. The signal is either present or it is not. </span></span></div> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9KRiqa9xAXW_zi4KzWfQ-srDwFSNwBNsnlGsyHRED3z6GuPx0I4qDTARrlqc7R8h-gYXNY2l8ADsuj7TVvqK7bsxeqcYai-9xnXPVlFheq9Sx3H4iuHamBvE-zocI0wivu-lXDcWfUuA/s1600/digi1.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9KRiqa9xAXW_zi4KzWfQ-srDwFSNwBNsnlGsyHRED3z6GuPx0I4qDTARrlqc7R8h-gYXNY2l8ADsuj7TVvqK7bsxeqcYai-9xnXPVlFheq9Sx3H4iuHamBvE-zocI0wivu-lXDcWfUuA/s1600/digi1.gif" /></a></div> <div> <div align="justify"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Both analogue and digital systems can be used as sensors. </span></div> <div align="justify"> <span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">A <b>thermistor </b>is analogue as resistance slowly changes, a micro-switch is digital, as it is ‘on’ or ‘off’.</span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY"> <span style="color: #cc0000; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><i>Computers are digital devices and the various electronic parts communicate using 1’s and 0’s.</i></span></div> <div align="JUSTIFY"> </div> <div align="center"> <span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>1 = ON</b></span></div> <span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b></b></span><br /> <div align="center"> <span style="color: red; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;"><b>0 = OFF</b></span></div> </div> <br /> <span style="color: #674ea7; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: large;"><b></b></span></div>

Digital Electronics: Unit I - Number System

Unit  I Number System: Electrical signals are in two forms; Analogue signals Digital signals Analogue signals :   These are usu...

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Syllabus for F.Y.B.Sc.I.T. with effect from the academic year 2016 – 2017 (Mumbai University)

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: orange;"><i>F.Y.B.Sc.I.T. (Semester I and II Syllabus) From 2016-17</i></span></h2> <div> <span style="color: orange;"><i><br /></i></span></div> <div> <h3 style="text-align: left;"> <span style="color: orange; font-family: Trebuchet MS, sans-serif; font-size: large;"><i><a href="https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B-Xwo-mjkYx3dTZLTUR1M01Gbjg" style="background-color: blue; color: orange;" target="_blank">Click </a><span style="color: blue;">Here To Download Syllabus</span></i></span></h3> </div> </div>

Syllabus for F.Y.B.Sc.I.T. with effect from the academic year 2016 – 2017 (Mumbai University)

F.Y.B.Sc.I.T. (Semester I and II Syllabus) From 2016-17 Click Here To Download Syllabus

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Computer Graphics ( SYBSCIT Sem III ) Syllabus

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: red; font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: large;">SYBSCIT III Semester Syllabus (Effect from the academic year 2012–2013)</span></span></h2> <div> <span style="color: red;"><br /></span></div> <h2 style="background-color: white; font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; position: relative; text-align: left;"> <span style="color: #38761d; font-family: "Open Sans", serif, sans-serif; font-size: 16.8px;"><u>Subject : </u></span><span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16.8px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Open Sans, serif, sans-serif;"><u>Computer Graphics</u></span></span></h2> <div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16.8px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Open Sans, serif, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16.8px;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Open Sans, serif, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16.8px;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans, serif, sans-serif;"><div> <b>Unit – I</b>  Introduction Computer Graphics and Primitive Algorithms:<span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Introduction to Image and Objects, Image Representation, Basic </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Graphics Pipeline, Bitmap and Vector-Based Graphics, Applications </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">of Computer Graphics, Display Devices, Cathode Ray Tubes, Raster Scan Display, Random-Scan Display, Flat Panel Display, Input </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Technology, Coordinate System Overview, </span></div> <div> Scan-Conversion of graphics primitives:Scan-Conversion of a <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Lines (Digital Differential Analyzer Algorithm, Bresenham’s Line Drawing Algorithm, Scan-Conversion of Circle and Ellipse </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">(Bresenham’s Method of Circle Drawing, Midpoint Circle </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Algorithm), Drawing Ellipses and Other Conics. </span></div> <div> (8 <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Lectures)</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b>Unit- II</b>  Two Dimensional Transformation: Introduction to transformations, <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Transformation Matrix, Types of Transformations in Two Dimensional Graphics: Identity Transformation, Scaling, Reflection, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Shear Transformations, Rotation, Translation, Rotation about an </span></div> <div> Arbitrary Point, Combined Transformation, Homogeneous <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Coordinates, 2D Transformations using Homogeneous Coordinates </span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">(8 </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Lectures)</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b>Unit-III</b>  Three-dimensional transformations, Objects in Homogeneous <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Coordinates, Three-Dimensional Transformations: Scaling, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Translation, Rotation, Shear Transformations, Reflection, World </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Coordinates and Viewing Coordinates,Projection, Parallel Projection, </span></div> <div> Perspective Projection. </div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">(8 </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Lectures)</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b>Unit-IV</b>  Viewing and Solid Area Scan-Conversion:Introduction to viewing <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">and clipping, Viewing Transformation in Two Dimensions, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Introduction to Clipping, Two-Dimensional Clipping, Point Clipping, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Line Clipping, Introduction to a Polygon Clipping, Viewing and </span></div> <div> Clipping in Three Dimensions, Three-Dimensional Viewing <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Transformations, Text Clipping </span></div> <div> Introduction to Solid Area Scan-Conversion, Inside–Outside Test, <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Winding Number Method and Coherence Property, Polygon Filling, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Seed Fill Algorithm, Scan-Line Algorithm, Priority Algorithm, Scan </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Conversion of Character, Aliasing, Anti-Aliasing, Halftoning, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Thresholding and Dithering </span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">(8 </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Lectures)</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b>Unit –V </b> Introduction to curves, Curve Continuity, Conic Curves, Piecewise <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Curve Design, Parametric Curve Design, Spline Curve </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Representation, Bezier Curves, B-Spline Curves, Fractals and its </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">applications. </span></div> <div> <b>Surface Design</b>: Bilinear Surfaces, Ruled Surfaces, Developable <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Surfaces, Coons Patch, Sweep Surfaces, Surface of Revolution, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Quadric Surfaces, Constructive Solid Geometry, Bezier Surfaces, BSpline Surfaces, Subdivision Surfaces </span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;"><b>Visible Surfaces</b>: Introduction to visible and hidden surfaces, </span></div> <div> Coherence for visibility, Extents and Bounding Volumes, Back Face <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Culling, Painter’s Algorithm, Z-Buffer Algorithm, Floating Horizon </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Algorithm, Roberts Algorithm. </span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">(8 </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Lectures)</span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;"><br /></span></div> <div> <b>Unit-VI</b>  Object Rendering: Introduction Object-Rendering, Light Modeling <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Techniques, Illumination Model, Shading, Flat Shading, Polygon </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Mesh Shading, Gaurand Shading Model, Phong Shading, </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Transparency Effect, Shadows, Texture and Object Representation, </span></div> <div> Ray Tracing, Ray Casting, Radiosity, Color Models. <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Introduction to animation, Key-Frame Animation, Construction of </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">an Animation Sequence, Motion  Control Methods, Procedural </span></div> <div> Animation, Key-Frame Animation vs. Procedural Animation, <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Introduction to Morphing, Three-Dimensional Morphing </span></div> <div> <span style="font-size: 16.8px;">(8 </span><span style="font-size: 16.8px;">Lectures)</span></div> </span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16.8px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Open Sans, serif, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16.8px;"><span style="font-family: Open Sans, serif, sans-serif;"><div> <b>Books</b>: </div> <div> <i>Computer Graphics, R. K. Maurya, John Wiley.</i></div> <div> <i>Mathematical elements of Computer Graphics, David F. Rogers, J. Alan Adams, </i></div> <div> <i>TATAMCGRAW-HILL</i></div> <div> <i>Procedural elements of Computer Graphics, David F. Rogers, Tata McGraw-Hill.</i></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> <b>Reference</b>: </div> <div> <i>Computer Graphics, Donald Hearn and M. Pauline Baker, Prentice Hall of India </i></div> <div> <i>Computer Graphics, Steven Harrington, McGraw-Hill </i></div> <div> <i>Computer Graphics Principles and Practice, J.D. Foley, A. Van Dam,S.K. Feiner and R.L. </i></div> <div> <i>Phillips, Addision Wesley </i></div> <div> <i>Principles of Interactive Computer Graphics, Willaim M. Newman, Robert F. Sproull, </i></div> <div> <i>TATAMCGRAW-HILL </i></div> <div> <i>Introduction to Computer Graphics, J.D. Foley, A. Van Dam, S.K. Feiner, J.F. Hughes and </i></div> <div> <i>R.L. Phillips, Addision Wesley</i></div> <div> <i><br /></i></div> <div> <b>Practical Code : USIT3P2 </b></div> <div> <b><br /></b></div> <div> Term Work: <i>Should contain at least 6 assignments (one per unit) covering the syllabus. </i></div> <div> <i>Suggested Practical: </i></div> <div> <br /></div> <div> Should contain at least 10 programs development in C++. Some Sample practical are listed </div> <div> below. </div> <div> <i>1. Write a program with menu optionto input the line coordinates from the user to generate a </i></div> <div> <i>line using Bresenham’s method and DDA algorithm. Compare the lines for their values on </i></div> <div> <i>the line. </i></div> <div> <i>2. Develop a program to generate a complete circle based on </i></div> <div> <i>a.  Bresenham’s circle algorithm   b. Midpoint Circle Algorithm </i></div> <div> <i>3. Implement the Bresenham’s/DDA algorithm for drawing line (programmer is expected to </i></div> <div> <i>shift the origin to the center of the screen and divide the screen into required quadrants).</i></div> <div> <i>4. Write a program to implement a stretch band effect. (A user will click on the screen and </i></div> <div> <i>drag the mouse/arrow keys over the screen coordinates. The line should be updated like </i></div> <div> <i>rubber-band and on the right-click gets fixed).</i></div> <div> <i>5. Write program to perform the following 2D and 3D transformations on the given input </i></div> <div> <i>figure </i></div> <div> <i>a.  Rotate throughθ. </i></div> <div> <i>b.  Reflection </i></div> <div> <i>c.  Scaling </i></div> <div> <i>d.  Translation.</i></div> <div> <i>6. Write a program to demonstrate shear transformation in different directions on a unit </i></div> <div> <i>square situated at the origin. </i></div> <div> <i>7. Develop a program to clip a line using Cohen-Sutherland line clipping algorithm between </i></div> <div> <i>(x1,y1)(x2, y2) against a window (xmin, ymin)(xmax, ymax). </i></div> <div> <i>8. Write a program to implement polygon filling. </i></div> <div> <i>9. Write a program to generate a 2D/3D fractal figures (Sierpinski triangle, Cantor set, tree </i></div> <div> <i>etc). </i></div> <div> <i>10.  Write a program to draw Bezierand B-Spline Curves with interactive user inputs for </i></div> <div> <i>control polygon defining the shape of the curve. </i></div> <div> <i>11.  Write a program to demonstrate 2D animation such as clock simulation or rising sun </i></div> <div> <i>12.  Write a program to implement the bouncing ball inside a defined rectangular window.</i></div> </span></span></div> <div> <span style="background-color: transparent; font-size: 16.8px; font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #38761d; font-family: Open Sans, serif, sans-serif;"><u><br /></u></span></span></div> </div>

Computer Graphics ( SYBSCIT Sem III ) Syllabus

SYBSCIT III Semester Syllabus (Effect from the academic year 2012–2013) Subject :  Computer Graphics Unit – I  Introduction Co...

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